Soon-in a geological sense-after that event, convection cells became established within the Earth's mantle, a crust developed, free water entered the atmosphere, plates diverged, ocean basins evolved, and mountains rose through tectonic forces at work along plate boundaries. Early in the process of consolidation, proto-Earth collided with a Mars-sized body and the material from both reorganized into the Earth-Moon system. The Earth began over 4.5-billion-years ago with the accretion of material orbiting around the Sun, supplemented by the capture of other bodies from intersecting orbits. Since their adoption of this expanded tool kit for investigating the implications of plate tectonics, earth scientists have made unprecedented progress. Contributions from geochemistry support theories developed from seismological data, structural geology depends on investigations in physics, and organic chemistry offers potential explanations for problems encountered in both resource extraction and waste management. The accelerated understanding of the earth system that characterized the past few decades is attributable to problem-solving strategies based on integration of these various interpretations.
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Finally, some scientists regard the planet as a series of concentric domains with ill-defined layers distinguished by the transfer of mass and energy. Others see the Earth as a system of geochemical cycles with interchanges spanning ranges of time and space that extend back to the birth of the solar system. Many researchers think of the solid-Earth as an engine driven by radioactive decay, while others expand this view to include the whole earth system and consider the added processes driven by solar energy. The earth system is complex, with open channels between interacting boundaries the norm rather than the exception.
Understanding earth processes requires broad and eclectic thinking.
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